Autograph Letters

[Francis Almeric Spencer, 1st Baron Churchill.] Autograph Letter Signed ('Churchill') to unnamed male recipient, regarding Mrs Hyde's 'severe affliction', the loss of her husband, Churchill's 'highly respected & esteemed' friend' [Rev. John Hyde?].

Author: 
Francis Almeric Spencer (1779-1845), 1st Baron Churchill of Whichwood [Wychwood], Whig aristocrat and politician, son of 4th Duke of Marlborough [John Hyde (1774-1838), curate of Witney, Oxfordshire]
Publication details: 
Cornbury Park, Oxfordshire. 23 December 1838.
£56.00

4pp., 12mo. Bifolium. In fair condition, on brittle lightly-aged paper, with closed tears along crease lines unobtrusively repaired with archival tape. Having received the recipient's letter he wishes 'to express my regret that Mrs. Hyde should have considered it necessary to send me any apology on an occasion like the present'. He condoles 'in the melancholy event', of which he 'heard with great regret, and it has deprived me of a Friend whom I highly respected & esteemed'.

[Charles Daly, London bookseller.] Autograph Letter Signed to Cardinal Nicholas Wiseman, complaining of a fraud practised on him by the Birmingham bookbinder Thomas Male, by 'representing himself as patronized by' Wiseman.

Author: 
Charles Daly, London bookseller (fl.1832-1855) [Cardinal Nicholas Wiseman (1802-1865), Roman Catholic Archbishop of Westminster; Thomas Male, bookbinder of Duke Street, Birmingham; Bickers & Darling]
Publication details: 
17 Greville Street, Hatton Garden, London. 2 March 1844.
£80.00

1p., 8vo. On bifolium. In fair condition, on aged paper with a few small closed tears to edges. Addressed on reverse of second leaf, with broken red wax seal, Penny Red stamp and postmarks, to: 'Revd. Dr. Wiseman, | St. Mary's College | Oscott | Nr. Birmingham'. 22 lines of text, closely and neatly written. Daly begins: 'I am sorry to trouble you by laying before you the Letters [not present] of a man of the name of Thomas Male - Bookseller & Bookbinder residing at St. Mary's, who has by representing himself as patronized by you got Credit from me to the Amount of £11 . 9 .

[Bank of England] Autograph Letter (Signature mainly lost through loss of text) from the Bank of England to the Bank of Scotland

Author: 
[Bank of England; provision of a Press]
Bank of England
Publication details: 
Bank of England: 28 August 1852
£200.00
Bank of England

Sent from the Bank of England on 28 August 1852. 4pp., 12mo. Bifolium. In poor condition, with a section torn away from the foot of both leaves, with loss of text including the writer's signature. The letter begins: 'Dear Sir | When you receive this, your Press &c. will be well on its way to Edinburgh.

[William Upcott, antiquary and autograph collector.] Autograph Letter Signed ('Wm. Upcott') to the music publisher and collector of Napoleana John Davis Sainsbury, requesting the loan of plates to be engraved by Charles John Smith for Henry Colburn.

Author: 
William Upcott (1779-1845), antiquary and autograph collector [John Davis Sainsbury (b.c.1793), music publisher and Napoleonic collector; Charles John Smith, engraver; Henry Colborn, publisher]
Publication details: 
102 Upper Street, Islington. 18 February 1836.
£120.00

1p., 12mo. Good, on lightly-aged paper. Addressed to 'J. Sainsbury Esq'. The letter reads: 'Dear Sir | My friend, Mr Charles Smith, is engaged by Mr. Colborn to engrave the portraits of Sir Hudson Lowe, Madame Bertrand and M.

[Valentine Green, Engraver.] Autograph Letter Signed ('V. Green') to an unnamed male recipient, regarding the removal of two paintings, including one by William Daniell.

Author: 
Valentine Green (1739-1813), English engraver and print publisher, Keeper of the British Institution, 1805-1813 [William Daniell (1769-1837), landscape and marine painter]
Publication details: 
British Gallery, Pall Mall [London]. 20 July 1807.
£120.00

1p., 4to. In good conditon, on aged paper. He begins: 'As both the pictures you bought are to be taken without the frames, I can't take upon me to displace them, without either you or the Artists were present, and more especially Mr. Daniell's, which is framed in a particular way.' Consequently he will keep the paintings, till either the recipient or artists take them away, 'and give me a proper discharge for them'. He ends with his hours of attendance.

[Thomas Brand Hollis, radical and dissenter.] Autograph inscription to the antiquary Charles Townley.

Author: 
Thomas Brand Hollis (c.1719-1804) of The Hyde, near Ingatestone, Essex, English radical and dissenter [Charles Townley (1737-1805), antiquary]
Publication details: 
Without place or date.
£56.00

On a cut-down piece of 4 x 15 cm paper. Laid down on part of leaf from album. In fair condition, on aged paper. Reads 'Mr Townley. | with Mr Brand Hollis | compliments'.

[Sir Robert Smirke, architect.] Autograph Letter Signed ('R Smirke') to an unnamed lady [Mrs Price?] declaring his eagerness to be introduced to the woman he would marry, Laura Freston, with whom he is 'more than half enamoured'.

Author: 
Sir Robert Smirke (1780-1867), English architect, part of the Greek Revival movement [his wife, nee Laura Freston]
Publication details: 
Upper Fitzroy Street [London]. 3 September 1818.
£56.00

1p., 12mo. 16 lines of text. Good, lightly-aged and laid down on a piece of grey paper. The letter begins: 'Dear Madam | I feel quite young again at the idea of the pleasure you promise me, & can assure you, with great Truth, that I shall be happy to be introduced to the young Lady you mention, with whom I am already more than half enamoured: - report speaks so highly of her manifold attractions.' He has such confidence in 'Mr. Price's skill & care as a driver' that he would like accept her offer of a seat in his gig. He ends with his 'best Complimts. to Miss Freston'.

[Sir George Hayter, artist.] Autograph Receipt Signed ('George Hayter'), to Messrs Crace, for the loan 'of two spear axe pikes, and a body & helmet suit of armour'.

Author: 
Sir George Hayter (1792-1871), painter and engraver [Messrs Crace & Son, 14 Wigmore Street, London, interior designers]
Publication details: 
'33 Gloucester Place in the new Road [London]'. 25 April 1855.
£130.00

On one side of a piece of cm blue paper. Reads: 'April 25, 1855. | 33 Gloucester Place in the new Road | Received of Messrs Crace | The favour of loan of two spear axe pikes, and a body & helmet suit of armour, to be returned. | George Hayter | with Thanks & Compliments.'

[Shelagh Maitland, artist's model.] Autograph Letter Signed, offering her services to the Duchess of Kent, stating she has worked for Lord Plunkett, Cathleen Mann, Simon Elwes, Sir John Lavery, T. C. Dugdale, David Jagger. With risqué autograph poem.

Author: 
Shelagh Maitland, artist's model [Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent [Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark] (1906-1968); Cathleen Mann; Simon Elwes; Sir John Lavery; T. C. Dugdale; David Jagger]
Publication details: 
40 Queensborough Terrace, W8 [London]. 19 July 1938.
£80.00

Both items are in an envelope addressed to the Duchess at 3 Belgrave Square. The envelope and its contents are on aged and creased paper. LETTER: 2pp., 12mo. Bifolium. Knowing that the Duchess is 'a well-known artist', she is offering her 'services as a model'. 'I was permanent model to the late Lord Plunket [sic] and have been painted by Cathleen Mann, Simon Elwes, Sir John Lavery, T. C. Dugdale, David Jagger and several other well-known painters.' She describes her appearance and asks to be granted an interview. POEM: 2pp., 12mo. In pencil. Unsigned, but clearly by Maitland.

[Richard Oastler, Tory radical.] Autograph Letter Signed to an unnamed editor, regarding the proof of his 'sayings of last Monday'.

Author: 
Richard Oastler (1789-1861), Tory radical, abolitionist and campaigner for Poor Law reform
Publication details: 
'Mr. Tathams'. 27 March 1839.
£90.00

1p., 12mo. In good condition, on lightly aged and worn paper. He has just 'received notice that the Mansfield meeting will be held on Thursday at 12 o'clock - & the Sutton meeting on Saturday at One O'clock.' He continues: 'If you intend to insert any of my sayings of last Monday, I should feel obliged by a sight of the proof, if consistent with your official regulations'.

[Prince Christian of Schleswig Holstein.] Autograph Lettter Signed to 'Mr Garth', with covering note to 'Teddy' from J. S. Talbot.

Author: 
Prince Christian of Schleswig Holstein (1831-1917), member of British royal family through his marriage to Queen Victoria's fifth child Princess Helena
Publication details: 
Cumberland Gate [London]. 9 May 1900. On garter letterhead.
£56.00

2pp., 12mo. Bifolium with mourning border. In fair condition, on aged and lightly-creased paper. The Prince's handwriting is none of the best, and even his signature is illegible. The letter reads: 'Dear Mr Garth | I am very sorry to hear of the

[Rev. Dr George Croly.] Autograph drafts of three passages from an anonymous article in Blackwood's Magazine entitled 'Russia', dealing with Napoleon Bonaparte's coronation as Emperor of the French. and his entry into and retreat from Moscow.

Author: 
Rev. Dr George Croly (1780-1860), Anglo-Irish clergyman and writer, editor of the Tory weekly The Constitution [Blackwood's Magazine, Edinburgh and London; Napoleon Bonaparte; Napoleonic Wars]
Publication details: 
Without date or place. [Published in Blackwood's Magazine (Edinburgh and London, April 1826).]
£220.00

3pp., 8vo. Bifolium. Very good, on lightly-aged paper. Unsigned, but certainly in Croly's hand. The first page is headed: '- for tho' the Old Law was established in the promises of temporal prosperity, yet the gospel is founded in temporal adversity'. The three extracts, fiercely critical of the French emperor, follow over a total of 61 lines, with a few minor emendations.

[Nicholas Maurus Hodgson.] Autograph Letter Signed ('Maurus Hodgson, Sec. Cap. Gen.'), on behalf of the 'First English Chapter of the English Benedictine Congregation', to Cardinal Nicholas Wiseman, expressing praise and support.

Author: 
Nicholas Maurus Hodgson (1815-1862), English Benedictine monk [Cardinal Nicholas Wiseman (1802-1865), Roman Catholic Archbishop of Westminster]
Publication details: 
'J. M. B. | St Laurence's, Ampleforth'. 21 July 1854.
£180.00

2pp., 4to. Bifolium. Very good, on lightly-aged paper. Docketted by Wiseman on reverse of second leaf: 'Bened[icti]ne Chapter | 1854'.

[Mary Carmichael, composer and accompanist.] Autograph Letter Signed to 'Miss Paget'

Author: 
Mary Carmichael [Mary Grant Carmichael] (c.1851-1935), composer and accompanist
Publication details: 
On letterhead of 172 Adelaide Road, NW [London]. 12 February 1892.
£45.00

3pp., 16mo. 25 lines of text. Bifolium. Good, on lightly-aged paper, with slight traces of mount adhering to the blank reverse of the second leaf. The letter begins: 'Dear Miss Paget | Miss Martin has just forwarded me your note so I will send you a few lines to-night. I am very pleased you are singing my song on the 27th., & will be pleased to go over the song with you before the concert.' She gives details of her movements over the next few days before concluding: 'I hope it will not trouble you much to come out here -.

[Marguerite-Louis-François Duport-Dutertre, the first French Minister of Justice.] Autograph Letter Signed ('DuPont-Duterte'), in French, to his 'Chers Collègues' Messrs Plaisant and Celerier, asking them to give shirts to a 'pauvre jeune homme'.

Author: 
Marguerite-Louis-François Duport-Dutertre (1754-1793), first French Minister of Justice [Jean-Baptiste-Edme Plaisant, Administrateur de Travaux Publique dans la municipalité de Paris; M. Celerier]
Publication details: 
[Paris.] 23 February 1790.
£180.00

1p., 4to. Bifolium. Very good, on lightly-aged paper. Addressed on reverse of second leaf, with Dupont-Duterte's red wax seal broken in two, to 'Monsieur Celerier Lieutenant de

[Malcolm Osborne, painter.] Two Autograph Letters Signed to Westley Manning, in the first describing his wartime enlistment in the Artists Rifles, and training under the artist William Lee-Hankey.

Author: 
Malcolm Osborne (1880-1963), English landscape painter [William Westley Manning (1868-1954), artist; The Artists Rifles, British Territorial Army; William Lee-Hankey (1869-1952), artist]
Publication details: 
The first from 11 Edith Grove, Chelsea. 24 July 1915. The second from 15 Redcliffe Square, South Kensington. 25 July 1921.
£80.00

Both letters in very good condition, neatly written out on lightly-aged paper. ONE: 2pp., 4to.

[Major Douglas Thomson, Commissioner of Port Sudan.] Five Autograph Letters Signed (two each 'Douglas Thomson' and 'Douglas') one to Gladys and four to his sister, including three written from the Sudan and one from Abyssinia.

Author: 
Major Douglas Thomson, Commissioner of Port Sudan, 1926-1932; appointed as Settlement Officer for Assyrians by the Iraqi government, 1933
Publication details: 
One: Minton, Essex. 18 July 1909. Two: Blue Nile, Lake Tana, Abyssinia. 4 March 1916. Three: Roseires [Sudan]. 31 May 1917. Four: on letterhead of Roseires, Sennar Province, Sudan. 19 November 1917. Five: Simkat [Sudan]. 28 September 1920.
£220.00

The five items are in good condition, on lightly aged and worn paper. ONE: To Gladys. 2pp., 16mo. Bifolium. Giving personal news. TWO: 2pp., 8vo. He describes matters at Lake Tana: 'At present we are stuck here while the Engineers do their part of the work. I had rather thought as had Pearson that he & I would have to do some travelling round to see various people & give them their presents but the A[byssinian]'s are very suspicious towards us like anything, & they dont want us to separate at all.

[John Brough Taylor, antiquary and editor.] Autograph Letter Signed (John Taylor Jr') to the Durham antiquary Robert Surtees

Author: 
John Taylor [John Brough Taylor] (d.1824), antiquary and editor [Robert Surtees (1779-1834), antiquary and historian of his native Durham]
Publication details: 
10 Birchin Lane, London; 21 January 1822.
£120.00

4pp., 4to. Bifolium. In fair condition, on aged and lightly-creased paper. Addressed, with postmarks and red wax seal, on reverse of first leaf 'To | Rob. Surtees, Esq | Mainsforth | Rushyford | Durham.' A long letter, closely and neatly written, and filled with genealogical information.

[John Raphael Smith, mezzotint engraver and publisher.] Autograph Letter Signed ('J. R. Smith') to the architectural writer James Elmes, informing him of the progress of a work and that he is sending two proof plates. Carrying 3 signed notes by Elmes

Author: 
John Raphael Smith (bap. 1751, d. 1812), mezzotint engraver and print publisher [James Elmes (1782-1862), writer on architecture]
Publication details: 
'Newman Street. 33. [London]'. 17 June 1811.
£120.00

1p., 4to. Bifolium. Very good, on lightly-aged paper. Addressed on reverse of second leaf to 'James Elmes Esqre.' At the head of the letter Elmes has written: 'From J. Raphael Smith the celebrated mezzotinto Engraver | J Elmes', and down the bottom right-hand corner: 'From J. Raphael Smith, Painter in Crayons & Mezzotinto Engraver to Mr Elmes, with 2 proof prints | J. E'. At the foot of the page Elmes has identified 'Mr. Tooke' in the letter as 'Horne Tooke J.E.' Smith writes: 'Sir | I have sent you an impression of Sr.

[John Inglis, Lord Glencorse.] Autograph Letter Signed to him from his 'affectionate Cousin | J Taylor'.

Author: 
John Inglis, Lord Glencorse (1810-1891), Scottish judge and Conservative politician [Taylor of Tibbermore, near Perth, Scotland; Balliol College, Oxford]
Publication details: 
Tibbermore [near Perth, Scotland]. 16 December [1830].
£38.00

4pp., 4to. Bifolium, with the last page of text cross-written over the first, and the valediction and signature cross-written over the second. In fair condition, on aged paper, with short closed tears along crease lines of the second page. Addressed on reverse of second leaf, with red wax seal and postmarks, to 'John Inglis Esq | Balliol College | Oxford', and redirected to 'Loganbank'.

[John Burnet, painter, engraver and writer on art.] Autograph Letter Signed ('Jno: Burnet') to the editor of the Literary Gazette William Jerdan, regarding a loan of a document made by a 'friend of Vandyk [Vandyke]'.

Author: 
John Burnet (1784-1868), painter, engraver and writer on art [William Jerdan (1782-1869), editor of the Literary Gazette]
Publication details: 
30 Cadogan Place [Sloane Street, London].] 'Tuesday' (no date).
£80.00

1p., 4to. In good condition, on aged paper, with wafer. Addressed on reverse to 'William Jerdan Esqr. | Brompton'. The letter reads: 'My dear Sir, | A particular friend of Vandyk [sic] has hastily drawn up the enclosed. you have made what use of them you require, perhaps our friend Watts would like to see them.'

[James Williamson, Professor of Mathematics, Glasgow University.] Manuscript bond for £225 to 'William Ewart in Middlegill', signed by him and James Kirkpatrick, George Kirkpatrick and Alexander Williamson

Author: 
James Williamson (d. 1795), Professor of Mathematics at the Universtiy of Glasgow, 1761-1795
Publication details: 
'At Closeburn Castle'. 18 September 1769.
£60.00

1p., large quarto. In fair condition, on aged and worn paper. With two embossed stamps ('VI PENCE' and 'I SHILLING ADDITIONAL DUTY') and ink stamp ('Nine Pence Quire') on reverse. Folded into the customary packet and docketted: 'Bond £225 | Messrs. James & George Kirkpatricks, James and Alexr. Williamsons | To Mr. William Ewart | 1769'. The document begins: 'We Mr. James Kirkpatrick Advocate George Kirkpatrick one of hte deputy Clerks of Session, Doctor James Williamson Professor of Mathematicks in the University of Glasgow and Alexr. Williamson Secretary to the Rt. Honble.

[James Mitan, engraver.] Autograph Letter Signed ('J Mitan') to the print collector Robert Balmanno, arranging an exchange of prints by Abraham Raimbach between Balmanno and the engraver Charles Heath.

Author: 
James Mitan (1776-1822), English engraver [Robert Balmanno (1780-1861), Scottish author and print collector; Charles Heath (1785-1848), engraver; Abraham Raimbach (1776-1843), engraver]
Publication details: 
63 Warren Street, Fitzroy Place. 2 December 1814.
£80.00

2pp., 4to. 18 lines of text. In bifolium. Good, on aged and creased paper, with strip of page to which the letter was attached adhering. Addressed, with red wax seal, on reverse of second leaf, to 'R. Balmanno Esqre. | 3 Middle Temple Lane Temple'. He begins: 'Having some communication last week with Mr. Charles Heath in the course of conversation he was regretting that he could not procure any proofs of plates engaraved by Mr. Raimbach - now as your Kindness gained me what I wished of his performance with an obliging offer of something more it occurred to me to solicit fom Mr.

[George Wyndham, as Under-Secretary of State for War.] Autograph Letter Signed to Sir Redvers Buller

Author: 
George Wyndham (1863-1913), Conservative politician and author, one of 'The Souls' [General Sir Redvers Buller (1839-1908); George Peel]
Publication details: 
On government letterhead. 25 October 1899.
£100.00

2pp., 12mo. 25 lines of text. On aged and worn paper with slight loss at head (not affecting text). The letter begins: 'My dear Sir Redvers | I am ashamed to write to you about a personal matter at such a time, but this is, I think, a very strong claim. | George Peel, son of Lord Peel, in the Oxfordshire Yeomanry, has gone out to South Africa at his own expense, & wishes to be attached to any expedition which is sent to relieve Kimberley, because his sister is there.

[George Richmond, English portrait painter, disciple of William Blake.] Two Autograph Letters Signed (both 'Geo Richmond') to 'Lilian', in the first speaking of a 'bond between us', and in the second discussing a 'print & frame'.

Author: 
George Richmond (1809-1896), English portrait painter, in his youth a disciple of William Blake, and one of the 'Shoreham Ancients'
Publication details: 
Both on letterhead of 20 York Street, Portman Square [London]. 2 November1882 and 7 July 1885.
£180.00

Both in good condition, on lightly-aged paper, and both with a mourning border (the first thick and the second thin). ONE: 3pp., 16mo. He apologises for 'having neglected to answer' her 'too kind and pretty note'. 'And really such neglect does great injusticce to my feeling, for your note brought back to me in vivid recollection, a visit to when we were both in great sorrow, which I am sure was a bond between us, though we had our games of Whist in the Evening with your Aunt Laura & Mrs. Buchanan!' TWO: 2pp., 16mo. He is glad she likes 'both print & frame'.

[George Robins, auctioneer.] Autograph Letter Signed ('Geo Robins') to the editor of the Morning Chronicle James Black, pushing for an article to be inserted in the paper, to tie in with his sale of the contents of Horace Walpole's Strawberry Hill.

Author: 
George Robins [George Henry Robins] (1777-1847), celebrated London auctioneer [James Black (1783-1855), editor of the Morning Chronicle [Horace Walpole; Strawberry Hill]
Publication details: 
'Covent Garden [London] | Friday [1842]'.
£350.00

2pp., 12mo, bifolium. Very good, on lightly aged paper. The letter reads: 'Strawberry Hill is to the classic world much more important than the turmoil of everlasting Politics. It will be a little refreshing as a contrast to your readers to hear of Horace Walpole - the Inclosed is from Gallignani's Journal[.] in Paris they give a better attention to the Arts as well as the nuisance of everlasting Politics'. Postscript reads: 'Would you like to have a card to see'.

[Dr Samuel Parr, 'the Whig Doctor Johnson'.] Autograph Letter Signed ('S Parr') to the tea merchant Richard Twining, Senior.

Author: 
Dr Samuel Parr (1747-1825), schoolmaster and classical scholar [Richard Twining (1749-1824), Senior, tea and coffee merchant; his son Richard Twining (1772-1857), Junior]
Publication details: 
27 May [1807].
£56.00

1p., 12mo. 24 lines of text. In fair condition, on aged paper, with minor traces of mount adhering to reverse, which is addressed by Parr to 'R Twining, Senior, Esqre | Devereux Court | the Strand', and docketted 'Dr. Parr May 27th. 1807'.

[Francis Spencer Churchill, 2nd Baron Churchill [Lord Churchill].] Autograph Note Signed ('Churchill'), giving permission to an unnamed recipient to fish at Cornbury Park.

Author: 
Francis Spencer Churchill (1802-1886), 2nd Baron Churchill [Lord Churchill], of Wychwood and Cornbury Park, Oxfordshire
Publication details: 
Cornbury Park [Oxfordshire]. 15 October 1870.
£50.00

1p., 12mo. In good condition, on lightly aged and worn paper. The note reads: 'My dear Sir | You and your Brother are quite welcome to come and fish here, on any day that you like; and I only hope that you may find any sport. | Believe me| Very faithfully Your's [sic] | Churchill'.

[Dr César De Paepe, French syndicalist.] Autograph Letter Signed ('Dr. De Paepe'), in English, to the Liberal economist Thorold Rogers, asking for a copy of one of his books to review in his journal 'Le National Belge'.

Author: 
Dr César De Paepe (1841-1890), French syndicalist, a major influence on the Industrial Workers of the World [Thorold Rogers [James Edwin Thorold Rogers] (1823-1890), economist and Liberal politician]
Publication details: 
On letterhead of Le National Belge, Bruxelles. 2 May 1885.
£180.00

1p., 12mo. Good, on aged paper. De Paepe's grasp of the English language is not firm, but he makes himself understood. He has seen Rogers' 'new scientific book' 'Six Centuries of Work and Wages' advertised in 'many English papers'.

[Arthur West Haddan, ecclesiastical historian.] Autograph Letter Signed ('Arthur W. Haddan'), to '<Cassam?>', asking for information regarding 'Mr. Burnett Stuart of Wesley [Vicarage]', which will help him place 'a lad'

Author: 
Arthur West Haddan (1816-1873), Church of England clergyman and ecclesiastical historian, co-editor with William Stubbs of 'Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents relating to Great Britain and Ireland'
Publication details: 
Barton Rectory, Moreton in Marsh. 18 January 1866.
£40.00

3pp., 12mo. 35 lines of text. Bifolium. In fair condition, on aged paper. Written in a difficult hand. He begins by asking: 'Can you tell me anything about Mr. Bennett Stuart of Wesley? This is <...> servants asking for their master's characters. But I have a lad to place out & he is offered a place at Mr. Stuart - Wesley Vicarage - & I am rather disgusted at having already made an abortive attempt with another Clergyman, to me previously unknown, who wanted as it turned out a groom, coachman, valet, &

Syndicate content